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Wilson2025-10-06 21:33:45英语读书笔记
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英语语法时态 ​

一般现在时 ​

  • 表示经常发生或反复发生的动作，句中常出现always、often、usually、sometimes、never、every day等时间状语
  • 表示现在的特征和状态，通常不带时间状语
  • 表示客观真理、事实、格言等
  • 表示按时间表、规定、计划或安排发生的动作(可这样用的多是一些非延续性动词，如go、come、start、arrive、leave)
  • 在时间状语从句或条件状语从句中代替一般将来时

⚡ 结构：主语+am/is/are

谓语是be的一般现在时的肯定句

  • I am a student.
  • He is in Beijing.
  • We are out of work.

⚡ 结构：主语+am/is/are+not

谓语是be的一般现在时的否定句

  • I am not a student.
  • He isn't in Beijing.
  • We aren't out of work.

⚡ 结构：Am/Is/Are+主语

谓语是be的一般现在时的一般疑问句

  • Am I late?
  • Is he in Beijing?
  • Are you out of work?

⚡ 结构：特殊疑问词+am/is/are+主语

谓语是be的一般现在时的特殊疑问句

  • What is this?
  • What are you from?
  • Who is over there?
  • Which car is yours?

⚡ 结构：主语+V/V.s/V.es

谓语是实义动词的一般现在时的肯定句

  • Every few years, the coal workers have their lungs X-rayed to ensure their health.
  • Around two o'clock every night, Sue will start takling in her dream. It somewhat bothers us.
  • The train arrives at 10:30. There's plenty of time.
  • The sun rises in the east.

⚡ 结构：主语+do/does+not+V

谓语是实义动词的一般现在时的否定句

  • I don't play football very well.
  • My parents don't like watching TV.
  • He doesn't go shopping every week.
  • She likes bread, but she doesn't like pizza.

⚡ 结构：Do/Does+主语+V

谓语是实义动词的一般现在时的一般疑问句

  • Do you often go to school by bike?
  • Do they live in Shanghai?
  • Does the class begin at nine?
  • Does she take exercise every day?

⚡ 结构：特殊疑问词+do/does+主语+V

谓语是实义动词的一般现在时的特殊疑问句，特殊疑问词作主语或修饰主语时不用倒装语序

  • Where do they often go in their holidays?
  • Why do you like koalas?
  • How much does this red car cost?
  • What time does he get up every morning?
  • What makes you uphappy?

现在进行时 ​

  • 表示说话时正在进行的动作
  • 表示现阶段正在发生，但说话时未必正在进行的动作
  • 表示计划、安排好的事情，主语往往是人，谓语常为go、come、arrive、leave、start等非延续性动词
  • 表示反复发生的动作或存在的状态，常与always、constantly、forever等词连用，带有一定的感情色彩

⚡ 结构：主语+am/is/are+V.ing

肯定句

  • I am sitting on a rock near the river with my friends.
  • Don't disturb him. He is listening to the weather forecast.
  • Hurry up! Mark and Carl are expecting us.

⚡ 结构：主语+am/is/are+not+V.ing

否定句

  • I am not working in the company now.
  • She isn't listening to music but watching TV.

⚡ 结构：Am/Is/Are+主语+V.ing

一般疑问句

  • Is Tom reading books?
  • Are they playing tennis now?

⚡ 结构：特殊疑问词+am/is/are+主语+V.ing

特殊疑问句

  • Joan, what are you holding in your hand?
  • Where is he making a speech now?
  • Why are you always changing your mind?
  • That piece of music sounds quite familiar. Who is playing the piano upstairs?

一般将来时 ​

⚡ 结构：主语+shall/will+V

肯定句，第一人称可用shall或will，其他人称一般用will

  • I have no idea. But just a minute, I will check it for you.
  • They will make a tour in London this summer vacation.
  • Your dream will come true one day.

⚡ 结构：主语+shall/will+not+V

否定句

  • I shall/will not see you again.
  • He will not participate in the party.

⚡ 结构：Shall/Will+主语+V

一般疑问句

  • Shall we be away next week?
  • Will he telephone you at six o'clock tonight?

⚡ 结构：特殊疑问词+shall/will(+主语)+V

特殊疑问句

  • When shall we meet tomorrow?
  • What will they do to celebrate the Christmas Day?
  • What will happen in the future?

⚡ 结构：主语+am/is/are+V.ing

现在进行时表示将来。某些非延续性动词的现在进行时可表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作，常见的有go、come、arrive、leave、start等

  • The moment is coming soon, he thought to himself, waiting nervously.
  • They are getting married next month.
  • Liner 101 is leaving in eleven minutes.

⚡ 结构：主语+am/is/are going to+V

  • I am going to attend an important meeting this afternoon.
  • She is going to have her hair cut tomorrow.

be going to do和will do的区别

  • be going to do既可指主观打算做某事，也可指客观迹象表明将要发生某事

    • Look at those dark clouds. It is going to rain!

  • will do往往指临时决定要做的事，常含有说话者的主观意志或将来的必然性

    • I will go and get it for you.

⚡ 结构：主语+am/is/are to+V

表示计划中约定的或按职责、义务、要求必须做的事或即将发生的动作

  • I am to play basketball this afternoon.
  • The Prime Minister is to visit Hungary in May.
  • We are to see out English teacher next Sunday.

⚡ 结构：主语+am/is/are about to+V

表示马上就要发生的事，不强调主观意志

  • We are about to start off.
  • Sit down, everyone. The film is about to start.
  • The autumn harvest is about to start.

be about to do不能与确定的时间状语连用

⚡ 结构：主语+V/V.s/V.es

一般现在时表示将来。主要用于时间、条件让步状语从句中，或表示按时间表、安排等到某时间就发生的事情或动作

  • My parents have promised to come to see me before I leave for Africa.
  • The final exam takes place next week.
  • When he comes, I'll let you know.
  • I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
  • The train leaves London at six and arrives in Birmingham at eight.

现在完成时 ​

  • 表示从过去一直持续到现在的动作或状态，或过去发生的动作对现在有影响
  • 句中常出现just、already、yet等副词
  • 常用for...、since...、so far、up to now等时间状语。肯定句中有表示时间段的时间状语时，谓语不能用非延续性动词；since后的从句多用一般过去时

⚡ 结构：主语+have/has+过去分词

肯定句

  • It is the most instructive lecture that I have attended since I came to this school.
  • The reports went missing in 2012 and nobody has seen them since.
  • Up to now, the program has saved thousands of children who would otherwise have died.
  • His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last mouth.

have/has gone to和have/has been to的区别

  • have/has gone to表示「去了某地」，可能还在路上，也可能已经到达，但一定不在说话地点

    • They have gone to the port and will come back in an hour.

  • have/has been to表示「去过某地」，是回来之后再谈论去过某地的情况或经历

    • I have been to Italy three times.

⚡ 结构：主语+have/has+not/never+过去分词

否定句

  • I am calling because we have not received a response.
  • They have never seen such a wonderful film, have they?
  • He has not finished his work yet.
  • He has never been to Australia.

⚡ 结构：Have/Has+主语+过去分词

一般疑问句

  • Have you ever tried steamed dumplings in China, Lucy?
  • Has your brother already done his homework?

⚡ 结构：特殊疑问词+have/has(+主语)+过去分词

特殊疑问句

  • How long have you had this nice car?
  • I didn't ask for the name list. Why has it landed on my desk?
  • Who has read this novel?

一般过去时 ​

  • 表示过去某一具体时间发生的动作或存在的事实、状态，常与表示明确的过去时间状语连用，如a moment ago、yesterday、last night、last year、last night等
  • 表示过去一段时间内经常性、习惯性的动作，常与every day、usually、often等时间状语连用
  • 叙述没有具体的过去时间的动作或存在的状态

⚡ 结构：主语+was/were

谓语是be的一般过去时的肯定句

  • Mike was in China last year.
  • You were absent from school two days ago.
  • Bob would have helped us yesterday, but he was busy.

⚡ 结构：主语+was/were+not

谓语是be的一般过去时的否定句

  • Our original plan wasn't very good.
  • They weren't Germans.

⚡ 结构：Was/Were+主语

谓语是be的一般过去时的一般疑问句

  • Was he busy yesterday afternoon?
  • Were you at school yesterday?

⚡ 结构：特殊疑问词+was/were(+主语)

谓语是be的一般过去时的特殊疑问句

  • Who was in the office then?
  • Where were you just now?

⚡ 结构：主语+动词过去式

谓语是实义动词的一般过去时的肯定句

  • I felt very tired when I got home, and I went straight to bed.
  • I'm calling about the aparment you advertised the other day.
  • The road is being widened, and we had a rough ride.

⚡ 结构：主语+did+not+V

谓语是实义动词的一般过去时的否定句

  • We did not have a good time yesterday.
  • He didn't do his homework last night.
  • Excuse me. I didn't realize I was blocking your way.

⚡ 结构：Did+主语+V

谓语是实义动词的一般过去时的一般疑问句

  • Did you telephone your uncle last night?
  • Did he know the secret then?

⚡ 结构：特殊疑问词+did+主语+V

谓语是实义动词的一般过去时的特殊疑问句。特殊疑问词做主语或修饰主语时不用倒装语序

  • When did they go there?
  • Who took the money from the drawer?

一般过去时和现在完成时的区别 ​

  • 一般过去时表示在过去某个时间发生的事情、存在的状态或经常发生的动作，不强调对现在产生的影响，常与确定的过去时间状语连用

    • I taught here two years ago.

  • 现在完成时表示发生在过去的动作对现在造成的影响或结果，或发生在过去的动作持续到现在，不和确定的过去时间状语连用

    • I have taught here for fifteen years.

过去进行时 ​

⚡ 结构：主语+was/were+V.ing

肯定句

  • I'm so sorry. But I was doing my homework.
  • The telephone was ringing, but by the time I got indoors, it stopped.
  • Millie was drawing a picture when Mr Green came in.

⚡ 结构：主语+was/were+not+V.ing

否定句

  • At that time he wasn't working in Sydney.
  • We weren't holding a meeting between 8:00 and 9:00 last Sunday morning.
  • I was not always playing computer games when you were out.

⚡ 结构：Was/Were+主语+V.ing

一般疑问句

  • Was he singing then?
  • Were you reading the novel at ten o'clock last night?
  • Were they playing football all the whole afternoon?

⚡ 结构：特殊疑问词+was/were(+主语)+V.ing

特殊疑问句

  • What was he doing at the time of the fire yesterday?
  • Who was going shopping with Jane at that time?

过去将来时 ​

⚡ 结构：主语+would/should+V

肯定句

  • They made up their minds that they would buy a new house once Larry changed jobs.
  • I rang to tell my monther that I should leave for Beijing next Monday.

⚡ 结构：主语+would/should+not+V

否定句

  • They said they would not give up easily.
  • They wouldn't go hiking unless they finished their homework.

过去完成时 ​

⚡ 结构：主语+had+过去分词

肯定句

  • The twins, who had finished their homework, were allowed to play badminton on the playground.
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