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Wilson2025-10-17 19:45:18英语读书笔记
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one|Lesson 121~130 ​

Lesson 121~122 ​

✨课文

Preview
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Customer： I bought two expensive dictionaries here half an hour ago, but I forgot to take them with me.
Manager： Who served you, sir?
Customer： The lady who is standing behind the counter.
Manager： Which books did you buy?
Customer： The books which are on the counter.
Manager： Did you serve this gentleman half an hour ago, Caroline? He says he's the man who bought these books.
Caroline： I can't remember. The man who I served was wearing a hat.
Manager： Have you got a hat, sir?
Customer： Yes, I have.
Manager： Would you put it on, please?
Customer： All right.
Manager： Is this the man that you served, Caroline?
Caroline： Yes. I recognize him now.
课文理解

✨单词

定语从句 ​

⚡本课重点

定语从句是一个相对较难的知识点，本节课主要先从汉语的角度来理解并构造定语从句

定语：参考基础概念中的定语。类似于汉语中对某种东西进行修饰限定，什么什么的就是一种定语，比如漂亮的女孩

关系代词：who、whom、whose、that、which

  • 连接主句和从句，充当连接词
  • 在从句中做句子成分，指代主语或宾语
  • who：用于指代人，进一步提供有关某人的信息。侧重于在从句中作主语
  • whom：与who同义，作为动词或介词的宾语。只能在从句中作宾语
  • whose：用于指代人或物，进一步提供信息时使用。侧重于在从句中作定语
  • that：用于指代人或物，可以在从句中作主语、宾语或表语，只能引导限定性定语从句
  • which：用于指代人以外的物，包括有生命或无生命的东西。可以在从句中作主语或宾语

定义从句：用一个句子来充当定语，去修饰限定另一个句子(主句)的中心词。被修饰限定的成分(名词/代词)叫先行词。先行词总是放在定语从句的前面，所以叫先行词

  • 修饰人：关系代词用 who/whom/that。当先行词在从句中作主语时，只能用who或that；而作宾语时，可以用who、whom或that，甚至省略。在生活中，实际上人们更多是用who

    e.g. 他就是昨天打电话给我的那个人

    • ①分析句子可知，从句中「昨天打电话给我的」修饰限定「那个人」
    • ②根据分析结果将这句中文拆分成两个部分，He is the man. 和 The man called me yesterday.
    • ③由于先行词 the man 在从句中作主语，所以关系代词只能用who或that，且不能省略
    • ④最后得到完整句子 He is the man who called me yesterday.

    e.g. 他就是我昨天遇到的那个人

    • ①分析句子可知，从句中「我昨天遇到的」修饰限定「那个人」
    • ②根据分析结果将这句中文拆分成两个部分，He is the man. 和 I met the man yesterday.
    • ③由于先行词 the man 在从句中作宾语，所以关系代词可以用who、whom或that，甚至省略
    • ④最后得到完整句子 He is the man I met yesterday.

    e.g. 他是杀了怪物的男人

    • ①分析句子可知，从句中「杀了怪物的」修饰限定「男人」
    • ②根据分析结果将这句中文拆分成两个部分，He is the man. 和 The man killed the monster.
    • ③由于先行词 the man 在从句中作主语，所以关系代词只能用who或that，且不能省略
    • ④最后得到完整句子 He is the man who killed the monster.

  • 修饰物：关系代词用 which/that。当先行词在从句中作主语或宾语时，可以用which或that；并且作宾语时甚至还能省略。在生活中，实际上人们更多是用which

    e.g. 叼着篮子的那只狗是我的

    • ①分析句子可知，从句中「叼着篮子的」修饰限定「那只狗」
    • ②根据分析结果将这句中文拆分成两个部分，The dog is mine. 和 The dog is carrying the basket.
    • ③由于先行词 the dog 在从句中作主语，所以关系代词可以用which或that，且不能省略
    • ④最后得到完整句子 The dog that is carrying the basket is mine.

    e.g. 这就是他寄给我的那封信

    • ①分析句子可知，从句中「他寄给我的」修饰限定「那封信」
    • ②根据分析结果将这句中文拆分成两个部分，This is the letter. 和 He sent me the letter.
    • ③由于先行词 the letter 在从句中作宾语，所以关系代词可以用which或that，甚至省略
    • ④最后得到完整句子 This is the letter he sent me.

    e.g. 她的朋友可能找到了她不见的戒指

    • ①分析句子可知，从句中「她的朋友找到的」修饰限定「她的戒指」
    • ②根据分析结果将这句中文拆分成两个部分，Her friend probably found her ring. 和 Her ring was missing.
    • ③由于先行词 her ring 在从句中作主语，所以关系代词可以用which或that，且不能省略
    • ④最后得到完整句子 Her friend probably found her ring that was missing.

  • 修饰人或物：关系代词用 whose/that。当先行词在从句中作定语时，关系代词要用whose；当先行词为不定代词或由数词、最高级、the only、the very、the same、all所修饰，又或者是以who、what、which开头的疑问句时，关系代词只能用that

    e.g. 我的一个朋友的母亲是老师

    • ①分析句子可知，从句中「朋友的」修饰限定「母亲」
    • ②根据分析结果将这句中文拆分成两个部分，I have a friend. 和 His mother is a teacher.
    • ③由于先行词 a friend 在从句中作mother的定语，所以关系代词要用whose
    • ④最后得到完整句子 I have a friend whose mother is a teacher.

    e.g. 你住的那个小镇叫什么名字

    • ①分析句子可知，从句中「你住的」修饰限定「那个小镇」
    • ②根据分析结果将这句中文拆分成两个部分，What's the name of the town? 和 The town you live in.
    • ③由于先行词 the town 在从句中作宾语并且是以what开头的疑问句，所以关系代词要用that
    • ④最后得到完整句子 What's the name of the town that you live in?

Lesson 123~124 ​

✨课文

Preview
是否显示中文翻译
Mike： Look, Scott. This is a photograph I took during my trip to Australia.
Scott： Let me see it, Mike.
Scott： This is a good photograph. Who are these people?
Mike： They're people I met during the trip.
Mike： That's the ship we travelled on.
Scott： What a beautiful ship!
Scott： Who's this?
Mike： That's the man I told you about. Remember?
Scott： Ah yes. The one who offered you a job in Australia.
Mike： That's right.
Scott： Who's this?
Mike： Guess!
Scott： It's not you, is it?
Mike： That's right.
Mike： I grew a beard during the trip, but I shaved it off when I came home.
Scott： Why did you shave it off?
Mike： My wife didn't like it!
课文理解

✨单词

⚡本课重点

本节课主要学习定语从句中关系代词的省略

先行词是人

  • who+动词

    • He is the man who called me yesterday.，先行词the man在从句中作主语，who不能省略
    • The lady who is standing behind the counter served me.，先行词the lady在从句中作主语，并且从句是进行时态，这个时候who和be均可省略
    • He is the man who I met yesterday.，先行词the man在从句中作宾语，who可以省略

  • whom+动词+prep.

    • The man whom I spoke to is my uncle.，先行词the man在从句中作宾语，whom可以省略
    • The man to whom I spoke is my uncle.，把介词to提前的反习惯用法(正常人不会这么用)，这个时候whom不能省略

先行词是物

  • which+及物动词

    • The bus which takes us to school often breaks down.，先行词the bus在从句中作主语，which不能省略
    • The dog which is carrying the basket is mine.，先行词the dog在从句中作主语，并且从句是进行时态，这个时候which和be均可省略
    • This is the letter which I received yesterday.，先行词the letter在从句中作宾语，which可以省略

  • which+不及物动词+prep.

    • These are the books which I told you about yesterday.，先行词the books在从句中作宾语，which可以省略，还可以用介词结尾
    • These are the books about which I told you yesterday.，把介词about提前的反习惯用法(正常人不会这么用)，这个时候which不能省略

先行词是人或物

  • whose+名词：先行词在从句中作定语，whose不能省略

    • I have a friend whose mother is a teacher.，关系代词whose指代My friend's，作mother的定语

  • that：除了适用who、whom和which的规则外，还有自己的特殊规则，例如先行词为不定代词或以who、what、which开头的疑问句，关系代词只能用that

    • What's the name of the town that you live in?，先行词the town在从句中作宾语，that可以省略
    • The hospital is around the corner is the one that we are going to.，先行词the hospital在从句中作表语，that可以省略

感叹句：what+a/an+adj.+名词

  • e.g. What a beautiful ship!、What an interesting program!

Lesson 125~126 ​

✨课文

Preview
是否显示中文翻译
Susan： Can't you come in and have tea now, Peter?
Peter： Not yet. I must water the garden first.
Susan： Do you have to water it now?
Peter： I'm afraid I must. Look at it! It's terribly dry.
Susan： What a nuisance!
Peter： Last summer it was very dry, too. Don't you remember? I had to water it every day.
Susan： Well, I'll have tea by myself.
Susan： That was quick! Have you finished already?
Peter： Yes. Look out of the window.
Susan： It's raining! That means you don't need to water the garden.
Peter： That was a pleasant surprice. It means I can have tea, instead.
课文理解

✨单词

have to ​

⚡本课重点

have to：这是英语语言习惯中的一个固定搭配用法，表示客观的「必须、不得不」。它是一个复合动词，有时态的变化，变化作用于助动词have，而在变为否定句和疑问句时要根据不同时态的助动词来处理；to后面接动词原形

  • 一般现在时：适用主谓宾结构的一般现在时句式，三单形式也是。助动词分别是do和does

    • I have to leave now.、He has to leave now.
    • I don't have to leave now.、He doesn't have to leave now.
    • Do you have to leave now?、Does he have to leave now?
    • Why do you have to leave now?、Why does he have to leave now?

  • 一般过去时：适用主谓宾结构的一般过去时句式，助动词是did

    • I had to walk home last night.
    • I didn't have to walk home last night.
    • Did you have to walk home last night?
    • Why did you have to walk home last night?

  • 一般将来时：will/shall+have to

    • I will have to stay at home taday.
    • I won't have to stay at home taday.
    • Will you have to stay at home taday?
    • Why will you have to stay at home taday?

  • 现在完成时：have/has+had to

    • I have had to wait for you two hours.、He has had to wait for his friend two hours.
    • I haven't had to wait for you two hours.
    • Have you had to wait for me two hours?
    • How long have you had to wait for me?

have to和must的区别

  • must：情态动词，没有时态变化，表示说话人主观看法。一般只能表达现在的必要性，不用来讨论过去
  • have to：复合动词，有时态变化，表示说话人的客观需要或外界影响。可以表达过去、现在或将来的必要性
  • 否定表达完全不同：mustn't表示「绝对禁止」，没有商量的余地；don't have to表示「不必」，有得商量。don't have to等价于don't need to
  • 如果想要对must的提问来表达「不必」，则只能用needn't

Lesson 127~128 ​

✨课文

Preview
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Kate： Can you recognize that woman, Liz?
Liz： I think I can, Kate. It must be Karen Marsh, the actress.
Kate： I thought so. Who's that beside her?
Liz： That must be Conrad Reeves.
Kate： Conrad Reeves, the actor? It can't be.
Kate： Let me have another look. I think you're right! Isn't he her third husband?
Liz： No, He must be her fourth or fifth.
Kate： Doesn't Karen Marsh look old!
Liz： She does, doesn't she! I read she's twenty-nine, but she must be at least forty.
Kate： I'm sure she is.
Liz： She was a famous actress when I was still at school.
Kate： That was a long time ago, wasn't it?
Liz： Not that long ago! I'm not more than twenty-nine myself.
课文理解

✨单词

推测的表达方式 ​

从127~132课将会学习不同的推测表达方式

⚡本课重点

must be：表示根据已经了解到的信息，对当前状况进行肯定的推测，概率接近100%，意思为「一定是」

  • must be+adj./n.

    e.g. He must be busy.、He must be a teacher.

  • must be+V.ing

    e.g. You must be joking.、You must be having a bath.

  • must be+宾语从句

    e.g. You must be the boyfriend of that girl.

can't be：表示根据已经了解到的信息，对当前状况进行否定的推测，概率接近0%，意思为「一定不是」

  • can't be+adj./n.

    e.g. It can't be true.、He can't be a teacher.

  • can't be+V.ing

    e.g. They can't be working.

  • can't+宾语从句

    e.g. You can't be the boyfriend of that girl.

not more than：表示「不超过」

Lesson 129~130 ​

✨课文

Preview
是否显示中文翻译
Ann： Look, Gary! That policeman's waving to you. He wants you to stop.
Policeman： Where do you think you are? On a race track? You must have been driving at seventy miles an hour.
Gary： I can't have been.
Policeman： I was doing eighty when I overtook you.
Policeman： Didn't you see the speed limit?
Gary： I'm afraid I didn't, officer. I must have been dreaming.
Ann： He wasn't dreaming, officer. I was telling him to drive slowly.
Gary： That's why I didn't see the sign.
Policeman： Let me see your driving licence.
Policeman： I won't charge you this time. But you'd better not to do it again!
Gary： Thank you. I'll certainly be more careful.
Ann： I told you to drive slowly, Gary.
Gary： You always tell me to drive slowly, darling.
Ann： Well, next time you'd better take my advice!
课文理解

✨单词

⚡本课重点

must have been：表示根据已经了解到的信息，对过去的状况进行肯定的推测，概率接近100%，意思为「(当时)一定是」，翻译时，根据上下文来决定是否加当时

  • must have+V.pp.

    e.g. You must have eaten my biscuits.

  • must have been+adj./n.

    e.g. He must have been busy.、He must have been a teacher.

  • must have been+V.ing

    e.g. They must have been having a party.

  • must have been+宾语从句

    e.g. You must have been the boyfriend of that girl.

can't have been：表示根据已经了解到的信息，对过去的状况进行否定的推测，概率接近0%，意思为「(当时)一定不是」，翻译时，根据上下文来决定是否加当时

  • can't have+V.pp.

    e.g. You can't have eaten my biscuits.

  • can't have been+adj./n.

    e.g. He can't have been busy.、He can't have been a teacher.

  • can't have been+V.ing

    e.g. They can't have been having a party.

  • can't have been+宾语从句

    e.g. You can't have been the boyfriend of that girl.

注意，这里的have been跟现在完成时没有任何关系，英语语言习惯就这样，就是个固定搭配

do you think：用在特殊疑问句中的插入语，用来征询见解或表达看法。插入语可以位于句尾或句中，有时也可以出现在一般疑问句中

  • e.g. Will he be late for school, do you think?

must have been连读：发音为/mʌst hæv biːn/，h和v不发音

can't have been连读：发音为/kɑːnt hæv biːn/，h和v不发音

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